Late Hulran language

Late Hulran was the final stage during the independent evolution of the Hulran language. Spoken in the the Kingdom of Hulra during the end of its lifespan, it represented the last stage of the language that was still overwhelmingly free of foreign influences, ultimately the last Human language overwhelmingly free of external influences that post-date the evolution from Proto-Elven to Proto-Human.

After the fall of Hulra in 274, the language came under Etrandish influence, which meant that thousands of words from Middle Etrandish and Eccelestial High Elven (and Middle High Elven indirectly via Middle Etrandish) entered the Hulran / Etrancoasti language, accelerating the shift from Late Hulran to Current Etrancoasti.

Consonants

 * Phonemic distinction between voiceless and voiced fricatives  emerges
 * The voiced fricatives become closer to approximants in articulation
 * Voiced stops and fricatives got devoiced word-finally
 * Second Rhotacism: and  to
 * Voicing distinction between stops is replaced with aspiration distinction
 * Voiceless stops become aspirated  (except in the syllable coda, where they became unreleased)
 * Formerly voiced stops became unaspirated, realized as voiceless  word-initially, voiced  medially.
 * The alveolo-palatal became palato-alveolar
 * Geminated consonants lost their gemination word-finally

Vowels

 * merged as,  merged as
 * unrounded when unstressed.
 * Gradual vowel shift: the long raised, pushing the pre-existing  to , which in turn pushed the pre-existing  to
 * The space left the raising of to  was filled by backing  to .  was however soon reintroduced via Etrandish and High Elven loanwords.
 * Some time after the Etrandish invasion, the short laxed, causing mergers between previous  and.
 * In Northern dialects, merged with  to create, avoiding the merger with . Eventually, this pronounciation became the mainstream and standard.  however became  in all variants.
 * Later, shifted to, pushing the pre-existing  to.

Consonants

 * The unaspirated and  appeared only in loanwords.

Monophthongs

 * was  in the Northern dialect,  in the Southern dialect. Originally, the Southern pronounciation was the dominant one, but after the Etrandish invasion, the Northern one became mainstream and standard.

Diphthongs
Early on, the language had 4 diphthongs, which later shifted to respectively. was introduced later via Etrandish loanwords.

Grammar
Late Hulran was a subject-verb-object and synthetic language.

Nouns
The various cases had the following functions:
 * The nominative case usually marks the subject of the sentence.
 * The genitive case marks ownership. For example, "Huolrán Réktr" means "(the) Kingdom of Hulra".
 * The dative case usualy marks indirect objects, similar to the use of English "to" and "for"
 * the accusative case usually marks direct objects, ones that are being directly targeted.

Verbs

 * The infinitive is marked by -(i)ri, just like Present Simple.
 * Adding an extra -r at the end turns the verb perfect. An example:
 * "seffiri" means "to make someone / something beautiful". It is in Present Simple.
 * "seffeg" is the same verb, but in Future Simple instead. For example, "you will make her beautiful".
 * "seffegr" is the same verb, but in Future Perfect instead. For example, "you will have made her beautiful".

Adjectives
Adjectives have three forms in Late Hulran:
 * Normal adjective: -en
 * Comparitive adjective: -enri
 * Superlative adjective: -aneg

Adverbs
Adverbs have three forms in Late Hulran:
 * Normal adverb: -atn
 * Comparitive adverb: -artn
 * Superlative adverb: -ang

Inclusive or vs Exclusive or
Late Hulran - and by extension, all of its descendant languages - distinguish between the "inclusive or" and the "exclusive or". The earlier means, "either A, B, or both of them", while the latter means "either A or B, but not both of them - never both of them".
 * The word for the inclusive or is
 * The word for the exclusive or is

Numbers from 0 to 16

 * 0: mar
 * 1: an
 * 2: faan
 * 3: wen
 * 4: rai
 * 5: sai
 * 6: thai
 * 7: gäi
 * 8: step
 * 9: rón
 * 10: róvan
 * 11: rówen
 * 12: rórai
 * 13: rósai
 * 14: róthai
 * 15: rógai
 * 16: róstep

Numerical postfixes

 * 16 power 1: -(a)p
 * Denotes the first power of 16. For example, "anp-an" means $$((16^1) * 1)+((16^0)*1)$$, or 0x11, or simply 17 in decimal.
 * Logic would suggest the number 16 - 0x10 in hexadecimal - be said as "anp" - but it is actually "roustep". This is a holdover from Proto-Elven.
 * 16 power 2: -(i)p
 * Denotes the second power of 16. For example, "enp-an" means $$((16^2) * 1)+((16^0)*1)$$, or 0x101, or simply 257 in decimal.
 * When used as a noun - especially plural, and especially in casual usage - the word can also be used as an equivalent of "hundreds".
 * 16 power 3: -kwat
 * Denotes the third power of 16. For example, "ankwat-an" means $$((16^3) * 1)+((16^0)*1)$$, or 0x1001, or simply 4097 in decimal.
 * When used as a noun - especially plural, and especially in casual usage - the word can also be used as an equivalent of "thousands".
 * 16 power 4: -iet
 * Denotes the fourth power of 16. For example, "aniet-an" means $$((16^4) * 1)+((16^0)*1)$$, or 0x10001, or simply 65537 in decimal.
 * 16 power 5: -kwét
 * Denotes the fifth power of 16. For example, "ankwét-an" means $$((16^5) * 1)+((16^0)*1)$$, or 0x100001, or simply 1048577 in decimal.
 * When used as a noun - especially plural, and especially in casual usage - the word can also be used as an equivalent of "millions".
 * negative: -n(i)l
 * Used to postfix a negative number. For example, "an" means 1, while "ennl" means -1.
 * Ordinator: -(i)r
 * Turns a cardinal number into an ordinal number. For example, "an" means "one", while "enr" means "first".
 * Radix point: wir
 * Literally means "full", it separates the integral part of a number from the fractional part. For example, "an wir roustep" means 0x1.F, equivalent to the decimal 1.9375.