Classical Hulran language

Classical Hulran was the language of the Kingdom of Hulra from 800 BEKE to 100 BEKE.

Unlike her western cousin, Classical Hulran became a truly literate written language, with a flourishing literate culture centered around it - many poems that are still recited to this day.

Even though Hulra is no more, and her indirect successor Etrancoast tries its best to suppress her pagan heritage, the literature from the time in which Classical Hulran was spoken is still influential, and even poets and writers from Etrand often try to emulate it.

During the transition period between Classical Hulran and Late Hulran, the language suffered from diglossia, mainly deriving from pronunciation differences and the loss of vowel length distinction in the successor.

Consonants

 * Rhotacism: proto-Human merges with
 * The voiced is re-introduced via intervocalic voicing of
 * Palatalization:
 * become before front vowels, deaffricate otherwise.
 * become before
 * deaffricate to, unless they are preceded word-initial or are preceded by velar consonants: in that case, they deaffricate to.
 * Loss of Proto-Human fricative voicing distinctions:
 * and merge into, realized as
 * and merge into, realized as
 * becomes, devoices to , eliminating  altogether from native vocabulary
 * becomes instead
 * merges with
 * Proto-Human becomes, except when geminated or in coda position.
 * become
 * Gemination of nasals when preceeding syllabic consonants, unless they are preceeded by long vowels
 * became
 * became
 * becomes
 * Epenthetic insertion of stop consonants after nasals when they precede non-syllabic
 * become
 * becomes  becomes  instead)

Vowels

 * The vowel clusters become gliding diphthongs
 * I-umlaut: to  if the following syllable had  or  in it.  consistently became.
 * In these situations, the following would weaken  and eventually disappear completely, with a few exceptions.
 * U-umlaut: to  if the following syllable had  or  in it.  consistently became.
 * In these situations, the following would weaken  and eventually disappear completely, with a few exceptions.
 * A-umlaut: to  if the following syllable had  in it.
 * In these situations, the following would weaken  and eventually disappear completely, with a few exceptions.
 * Simultaneous I-Umlaut and U-Umlaut: became  if the following syllable had  or  in it.
 * Simultaneous I-Umlaut and A-Umlaut: became  if the following syllable had  in it.
 * Simultaneous U-Umlaut and A-Umlaut: became  if the following syllable had  in it.
 * Loss of word-final short vowels, shortening of word-final long vowels

Consonants
The voiced stop appeared only in loanwords, if at all.

Monophthongs
The exact pronounciations of these vowel phonemes were unknown. It is most likely, that short vowels were slightly lowered and centralized compared to their long counterparts. In specific, it is almost certain that the short were truly mid, while the long  were close-mid. It is possible that all the other vowel pairs had similar differences.

Diphthongs
Old Hulran had 6 diphthongs:.

Grammar
Classical Hulran was a subject-verb-object and synthetic language.

Nouns
The various cases had the following functions:
 * The nominative case usually marks the subject of the sentence.
 * The genitive case marks ownership. For example, "Huolrán Réktr" means "(the) Kingdom of Hulra".
 * The dative case usualy marks indirect objects, similar to the use of English "to" and "for"
 * the accusative case usually marks direct objects, ones that are being directly targeted.

Verbs

 * The infinitive is marked by -(i)ri, just like Present Simple.
 * Adding an extra -r at the end turns the verb perfect. An example:
 * "seffiri" means "to make someone / something beautiful". It is in Present Simple.
 * "seffeg" is the same verb, but in Future Simple instead. For example, "you will make her beautiful".
 * "seffegr" is the same verb, but in Future Perfect instead. For example, "you will have made her beautiful".

Adjectives
Adjectives have three forms in Classical Hulran:
 * Normal adjective: -än
 * Comparitive adjective: -änri
 * Superlative adjective: -anäg

Adverbs
Adverbs have three forms in Classical Hulran:
 * Normal adverb: -atn
 * Comparitive adverb: -artn
 * Superlative adverb: -ang

Inclusive or vs Exclusive or
Classical Hulran - and by extension, all of its descendant languages - distinguish between the "inclusive or" and the "exclusive or". The earlier means, "either A, B, or both of them", while the latter means "either A or B, but not both of them - never both of them".
 * The word for the inclusive or is
 * The word for the exclusive or is

Numbers from 0 to 16

 * 0: mar
 * 1: an
 * 2: faan
 * 3: wen
 * 4: räi
 * 5: säi
 * 6: zäi
 * 7: gäi
 * 8: step
 * 9: råun
 * 10: råufan
 * 11: råuwen
 * 12: råuräi
 * 13: råusäi
 * 14: råuzäi
 * 15: råugäi
 * 16: råustep

Numerical postfixes

 * 16 power 1: -(a)p
 * Denotes the first power of 16. For example, "anp-an" means $$((16^1) * 1)+((16^0)*1)$$, or 0x11, or simply 17 in decimal.
 * Logic would suggest the number 16 - 0x10 in hexadecimal - be said as "anp" - but it is actually "roustep". This is a holdover from Proto-Elven.
 * 16 power 2: -(i)p
 * Denotes the second power of 16. For example, "enp-an" means $$((16^2) * 1)+((16^0)*1)$$, or 0x101, or simply 257 in decimal.
 * When used as a noun - especially plural, and especially in casual usage - the word can also be used as an equivalent of "hundreds".
 * 16 power 3: -kwat
 * Denotes the third power of 16. For example, "ankwat-an" means $$((16^3) * 1)+((16^0)*1)$$, or 0x1001, or simply 4097 in decimal.
 * When used as a noun - especially plural, and especially in casual usage - the word can also be used as an equivalent of "thousands".
 * 16 power 4: -iet
 * Denotes the fourth power of 16. For example, "aniet-an" means $$((16^4) * 1)+((16^0)*1)$$, or 0x10001, or simply 65537 in decimal.
 * 16 power 5: -kwét
 * Denotes the fifth power of 16. For example, "ankwét-an" means $$((16^5) * 1)+((16^0)*1)$$, or 0x100001, or simply 1048577 in decimal.
 * When used as a noun - especially plural, and especially in casual usage - the word can also be used as an equivalent of "millions".
 * negative: -n(i)l
 * Used to postfix a negative number. For example, "an" means 1, while "ennl" means -1.
 * Ordinator: -(i)r
 * Turns a cardinal number into an ordinal number. For example, "an" means "one", while "enr" means "first".
 * Radix point: wir
 * Literally means "full", it separates the integral part of a number from the fractional part. For example, "an wir roustep" means 0x1.F, equivalent to the decimal 1.9375.