Wood Elven language

Wood Elven is an Elven language, the official language of both the Kingdom of Dragoc and the Principality of Artaburro, as well as the language of Wood Elven diaspora all around Artograch.

The language has two main variants, the Dragoc variant and the Artaburro variant, which - other than religious terminology and political jargon - are mutually intelligible with each other, and differ only in pronunciation, with some slight diferences in vocabulary (the Dragoc variant being more purist, the Artaburro variant having more loanwords, higher exposure to foreign influence).

Transition from Late Classical Wood Elven to Contemporary Wood Elven

 * denasalized to
 * became, with as an allophone before  and.
 * The short oral vowels were lowered to
 * The long oral vowels were raised to
 * The nasal vowels were lowered to
 * The long schwa and its nasalized variant were respectively merged into
 * The fricatives merged with the affricates, with  being used word-initially and after nasals (or nasal vowels),  being used everywhere else.
 * The Dragoci variant of Wood Elven, the stops developed intervocalic fricative allophones, while Artaburran variant did not
 * The development of vowel reduction:
 * The Dragoci variant of Wood Elven developed a system, in which the schwa is removed in most situations (with a few notable exceptions: voiceless+voiced would-be-clusters, would-be consonant clusters consisting of over 4 consonants, would-be coda-position aspirated stops), which is compensated by reduction of all word-final short vowels  to a schwa, and the shortening of any word-final long vowels  to.
 * The Artaburran variant of Wood Elven was content with merely the delition of the schwa in most contexts (with the same exceptions as Dragoci), but this delition was lexicalized and any remaining schwa was merged into . No further systems of vowel reduction were developed.
 * The Artaburran variant of Wood Elven completely fronted the vowels to, regaining  only from loanwords.
 * In contrast, the Dragoci variant merely developed a system, in which are respectively pronounced as a fronted  after the palatal consonants, as a protruded  after the labial consonants and nasals , as a compressed  everywhere else.

Dragoc

 * The nasalized vowels (and semivowels) are dissimilated into oral vowel + nasal sequences before stop consonants. This means that sequences such as, and  are respectively pronounced as ,  and . This however does not happen before fricatives, semivowels and.
 * The nasalized schwa is typically pronounced as a syllabic nasal  that assimilates to following consonants ( before,  before , etc.)
 * and, and ,  and ,  and ,  and , as well as  and  differ only in length, no difference in vowel quality.
 * Historical can be pronunced as,  or , depending on the environment:
 * after labial consonants and nasals (including ).
 * after and palatal(ized) consonants (except ).
 * everywhere else
 * The nasal is consistently a back protruded
 * is considered the allophone of between another vowel and a syllable boundary - for example,  is pronounced . In foreign words, the diphthong  also makes an appearence.
 * The cluster can be pronounced in various ways - as, ,  or even , causing confusion with . Some speakers collapse the cluster to a long.
 * There's vowel reduction, which for the most part is still allophonic

Artaburro

 * The nasalized vowels are dissimilated into oral vowel + nasal sequences before stop consonants. This means that sequences such as, and  are respectively pronounced as ,  and . This however does not happen before fricatives, semivowels and.
 * The nasalized schwa is typically pronounced as a syllabic nasal  that assimilates to following consonants ( before,  before , etc.)
 * and, and ,  and , as well as  and  differ only in length, no difference in vowel quality. Same is true for their nasalized equivalents.
 * Historical Wood Elven got completely fronted to .  appear only in loanwords, mainly from from High Elven and Etrandish.
 * Unlike in Dragoc Wood Elven, (allophonic) vowel reduction is limited, but to compensate for that, more complex syllable structures are tolerated in loanwords.
 * is considered the allophone of between another vowel and a syllable boundary - for example,  is pronounced . In foreign words, the diphthong  also makes an appearence.
 * The cluster can be pronounced in various ways - as, ,  or even , causing confusion with . Some speakers collapse the cluster to a long.

Vowel reduction
Contemporary Wood Elven - especially the Dragoc variant - employs vowel reduction. In the Dragoc variant of the language, this manifests both word-finally (but only in multi-syllable words), and word-medially.

Word-finally, this manifests itself as a chain shift of →  →. In other words, the word-final is deleted, and to compensate for that, other word-final short vowels   are reduced to a schwa  - for example,  and  are pronounced as  and  respectively. This happens allophonically, and thus is not expressed in writing. In the Artaburro variant of the language, this does not happen (at least not allophonically), however, lots of word-final vowel deletions have been lexicalized.

Another instance of vowel reduction - or more precisely, vowel elision - is the removal of the between consonants, unless their removal would create extremely complex consontant clusters. One such example would be the reduction of to. This is applied before the aforementioned chain shift. An example of the two rules working together would be the reduction of and  to  and  respectively. While this is allophonic in Dragoc Wood Elven, for the most part, it has become lexicalized in Artaburro Wood Elven in words of native Wood Elven origins - it is not applied to loanwords.

The aforementioned word-medial schwa-elision is blocked when it would create a consonant cluster of more than three consonants, a consonant cluster of both voiced and voiceless obstruents (stops, fricatives), or a consonant cluster that has a sonorant between two obstruents. It is also blocked when it would leave a word without vowels at all - the only syllabic consonants that are tolerated are syllabic nasals. As such, is reduced to, not.

Vowel reduction in both variants of the language only affects - and historically has only affected - oral vowels. Nasal vowels have always been exempt from vowel reduction.

Grammar
Wood Elven is a flexible subject-object-verb and agglunative language. It had also preserved the vowel harmony of its ancestor Proto-Elven in grammar, having most (but not all) conjugations come with two variants, depending on what kind of vowel did the Proto-Elven root word end with.

Nouns
The various cases had the following functions:
 * The nominative case usually marks the subject of the sentence.
 * The genitive case marks ownership. For example, "yóbyoan hiomyanyo" means "(the) male elf's manliness".
 * The dative case usually marks indirect objects, similar to the use of English "to" and "for"
 * the accusative case usually marks direct objects, ones that are being directly targeted.
 * The locative case is used in conjunction with various suffixes, in itself it has no meaning at all.

Verbs

 * The infinitive is marked by -iri, just like Present Simple.
 * Adding an extra -i at the end turns the verb perfect. An example:
 * "seppiri" means "to make someone / something beautiful". It is in Present Simple.
 * "seppigyo" is the same verb, but in Future Simple instead. For example, "you will make her beautiful".
 * "seppigyoi" is the same verb, but in Future Perfect instead. For example, "you will have made her beautiful".

The present simple also has a secondary role - being used for ordering. For example, in Wood Elven, there is no distinction between stating that someone is doing something and ordering someone to do something. The difference between stating facts and ordering}}.ommanding is indicated by context and tone of voice.

Adjectives
Adjectives have three forms in Wood Elven:
 * Normal adjective: -ani / -(y)ani
 * Comparitive adjective: -anori / -(y)aneri
 * Superlative adjective: -anogi / -yanyogi

Adverbs
Adverbs have three forms in Wood Elven:
 * Normal adverb: -ann / -(y)ann
 * Comparitive adverb: -ainn / -(y)énn
 * Superlative adverb: -óga / -(y)óga

Inclusive or vs Exclusive or
Wood Elven distinguishes between the "inclusive or" and the "exclusive or". The earlier means, "either A, B, or both of them", while the latter means "either A or B, but not both of them - never both of them".
 * The word for the inclusive or is
 * The word for the exclusive or is

Numerical system
Wood Elven uses a hexadecimal system.

Numbers larger than 16 are formed by chaining up multiple numbers and adding a postfix. Numbers larger than 16 and smaller than 256 are divided into two numbers that are smaller or equal to 16. Numbers larger than 256 but smaller than 65536 are divided into two numbers that are both smaller than or equal to 256. Similiar segmentation goes on with numbers larger than 65536 but smaller than 4294967296, or numbers larger than 4294967296.

Numbers from 0 to 16

 * 0: myoi
 * 1: ó
 * 2: hó
 * 3: gon
 * 4: nai
 * 5: sai
 * 6: zoi
 * 7: goi
 * 8: té
 * 9: rógó (greater 1)
 * 10: róhó (greater 2)
 * 11: rógon (greater 3)
 * 12: rónai (greater 4)
 * 13: rósai (greater 5)
 * 14: rózoi (greater 6)
 * 15: rógoi (greater 7)
 * 16: róté (greater 8)

Numerical postfixes

 * hexadecimal up: -awa / -(y)awa
 * Used to separate the upper and lower segments of a hexadecimal number larger than 16 but smaller than 256. For example, "óawa-ó" - "1 up 1" - is the hexadecimal number 0x11, equivalent to the decimal 17. Logic and consistency would suggest that 16 (or 0x10) be said as "óawa" - "1 up", but it is actually said as "róté" - 16. The reason for that is that the concept of zero was discovered by the Proto-Elves roughly at the same time as they transitioned from octal to hexadecimal, and the use of the number carried over.
 * double: -í
 * Used to separate the upper and lower segments of a hexadecimal number larger than 256 but smaller than 65536 - both segments being numbers smaller than or equal to 256. For example, "óawa óí óawa ó" - "1 up 1 double 1 up 1" - is the hexadecimal number 0x1111, equivalent to the decimal 4369. Both segments are 0x11, and the usage of the word "double" combines them into one number: 0x1111.
 * quad: -kotsu / -kyotsu
 * Used to separate the upper and lower segments of a hexadecimal number larger than 65536 but smaller than 4294967296 - both segments being smaller than or equal to 65536. For example, "óawa óí óawa ókotsu óawa óí óawa ó" - "1 up 1 double 1 up 1 quad 1 up 1 double 1 up 1" - is the hexadecimal number 0x11111111, equivalent to the decimal 286331153.
 * octa:-échi
 * Used to combine the upper and lower segments of a hexadecimal number larger than 4294967296 but smaller than the second power of 4294967296. Used similarly to quad and double, with both segments being smaller than 4294967296.
 * negative: -nyú
 * Used to postfix a negative number. For example, '"óawa ó" - "1 up 1" - is the equivalent to the decimal 17, while '"óawa ónyú" - "1 up 1 negative" - is the equivalent to the decimal -17.
 * Ordinator: -iji
 * Turns a cardinal number into an ordinal number. For example, "ó" means "one", while "óiji" means "first".
 * Radix point: tsui
 * Literally means "full", it separates the integral part of a number from the fractional part. For example, "ó tsui róté" means 0x1.F, equivalent to the decimal 1.9375.